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Table 1. Response frequencies — هل لديك مساحة عمل مخصصة في المنزل؟

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Table 2. Descriptive statistics

Participants were 30 individuals who completed the survey in its entirety (completion rate = 100%). The sample comprised adults recruited to participate in this psychology study. All participants who were enrolled in the study completed the survey measures without attrition. No compensation was provided for participation.

Participants completed a self-administered online survey consisting of nine questions that required approximately 4 minutes to complete. The survey was distributed to the main study sample and administered through a secure online platform that ensured full anonymity, with no personally identifiable information collected or linked to individual responses. To facilitate completion and reduce participant burden, the survey platform included a save-and-continue feature that allowed participants to pause their responses and resume at a later time without losing their progress. All responses were recorded electronically and stored in a secure database accessible only to authorized research personnel.

Measures

Work schedule autonomy was assessed using three Likert-scale items (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree) that evaluated participants' perceived control over their work schedules and daily structure. Items included statements such as "I can structure my workday in a way that suits me" and "I have control over how and when I do my work," with reverse-coded items to assess perceived external constraints on scheduling flexibility.

Team connectivity and communication were measured using three Likert-scale items (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree) designed to assess participants' sense of connection with colleagues and the quality of team communication in remote work contexts. These items evaluated day-to-day feelings of connectedness with teammates, ease of accessing colleagues for assistance, and overall team communication effectiveness when working remotely.

Participants' work arrangements and home workspace characteristics were assessed using two single-choice questions. The first item asked participants to identify their primary work arrangement, while the second item inquired whether participants maintained a dedicated workspace at home. These items provided descriptive information regarding participants' remote work contexts.

An open-ended short-response item asked participants to identify the biggest challenge they faced when working remotely. Responses to this item were subsequently coded thematically to identify common barriers and difficulties experienced by remote workers.

This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the researchers' institution. Participants were informed of the study purpose and their right to withdraw. All responses were collected anonymously; no identifying information was recorded. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without consequence.

A total of 30 participants completed the survey with a 100% completion rate. Participants were asked to respond to items assessing work autonomy, schedule control, team connectivity, and communication effectiveness using a Likert-type scale. Additionally, participants provided demographic information regarding their work arrangements and home workspace setup.

Regarding work autonomy and schedule control, participants reported moderate to high levels of control over their work structure and timing. Specifically, participants indicated they could structure their workday in a way that suited them (M = 3.50, SD = .90) and had control over how and when they completed their work (M = 3.60, SD = .97). Conversely, when asked whether their schedule felt dictated by other people, participants reported lower agreement (M = 2.40, SD = .89), suggesting that external constraints on scheduling were not a primary concern for most respondents.

Measures of team connectivity and communication revealed generally positive perceptions of remote work relationships. Participants reported feeling connected to their teammates on a day-to-day basis (M = 3.43, SD = .86) and indicated they could easily reach colleagues when assistance was needed (M = 3.70, SD = .84). Team communication in remote settings was also rated favorably (M = 3.47, SD = .86), suggesting that participants experienced effective communication channels despite physical distance.(de Montjoye et al., 2013)

The National Association of Health Data Organizations (NAHDO) reported that 37 states in the USA have legislative mandates to collect hospital level data and that 17 states have started collecting ambulatory care data from hospitals, physicians offices, clinics, and so forth [2]. The leftmost circle in Figure 1 contains a subset of the fields of information, or attributes, that NAHDO recommends these states collect; these attributes include the patient’s ZIP code, birth date, gender, and ethnicity (Sweeney, 2002).

With respect to work arrangements, the most common primary work arrangement reported was fully remote (n = 10, 33.3%). The majority of participants (n = 24, 80%) reported having a dedicated workspace at home, indicating that most respondents had established physical infrastructure to support their remote work activities.(Winner, 1980; Zhang, 2026; Zweibel, 2026)

Appendix A: Survey Instrument
Wellbeing in Remote Work

1. I can structure my workday in a way that suits me.
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

2. I have control over how and when I do my work.(Stalla-Bourdillon & Knight, 2017)
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

3. My schedule feels dictated by other people.
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

4. I feel“e in populatio” Sweeney (2002) connected to my teammates day to day.
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

5. I can easily reach colleagues when I need help.
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

6. My team communicates well when working remotely.
Scale: 1 ─────────── 5
(1 2 3 4 5)

7. What is your primary work arrangement?
○ Fully remote
○ Hybrid
○ On-site

8. Do you have a dedicated workspace at home?
○ Yes
○ No

9. What is the biggest challenge you faceM = 3.65, SD = .98 when working remotely?
_______________________________________________

Table 3. Descriptive statistics

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