Medicine · Literature

Research papers on Diabetes management technology

Recent and highly-cited academic work on diabetes management technology, gathered from Semantic Scholar, CrossRef and OpenAlex.

1. Real-Time Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management Decision-Making in Adolescents: Protocol for a Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study Using Text Messaging and Continuous Glucose Monitoring

   M. DeJonckheere, S. Chuisano, Juniar Lucien, et al. · 2026 · JMIR Research Protocols · 25,814 citations

   Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires repeated self-management behaviors and ongoing problem-solving to maintain optimal glucose levels and prevent complications. Despite increasing adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which can alleviate some of the constant self-management burden, adolescents struggle to achieve glycemic recommendations and report low engagement with diabetes device data. Previous studies have used retrospective or quantitative approaches to describe adolescent self-management; however, it is unclear how psychosocial influences (eg, mood and distress) and contexts impact adolescent self-management behaviors and engagement with their diabetes device

2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

   American Diabetes Association · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 14,021 citations

   OF DIABETES MELLITUS -Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of differentorgans, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.

3. Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

   Anushka Patel, Stephen MacMahon, John Chalmers, et al. · 2008 · New England Journal of Medicine · 7,433 citations

   BACKGROUND: In patients with type 2 diabetes, the effects of intensive glucose control on vascular outcomes remain uncertain. METHODS: We randomly assigned 11,140 patients with type 2 diabetes to undergo either standard glucose control or intensive glucose control, defined as the use of gliclazide (modified release) plus other drugs as required to achieve a glycated hemoglobin value of 6.5% or less. Primary end points were composites of major macrovascular events (death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) and major microvascular events (new or worsening nephropathy or retinopathy), assessed both jointly and separately. RESULTS: After a median of 5

4. Clinical Targets for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data Interpretation: Recommendations From the International Consensus on Time in Range

   Tadej Battelino, Thomas Danne, Richard M. Bergenstal, et al. · 2019 · Diabetes Care · 3,857 citations

   Improvements in sensor accuracy, greater convenience and ease of use, and expanding reimbursement have led to growing adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). However, successful utilization of CGM technology in routine clinical practice remains relatively low. This may be due in part to the lack of clear and agreed-upon glycemic targets that both diabetes teams and people with diabetes can work toward. Although unified recommendations for use of key CGM metrics have been established in three separate peer-reviewed articles, formal adoption by diabetes professional organizations and guidance in the practical application of these metrics in clinical practice have been lacking. In Febr

5. International Consensus on Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring

   Thomas Danne, Revital Nimri, Tadej Battelino, et al. · 2017 · Diabetes Care · 2,036 citations

   Measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been the traditional method for assessing glycemic control. However, it does not reflect intra- and interday glycemic excursions that may lead to acute events (such as hypoglycemia) or postprandial hyperglycemia, which have been linked to both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), either from real-time use (rtCGM) or intermittently viewed (iCGM), addresses many of the limitations inherent in HbA1c testing and self-monitoring of blood glucose. Although both provide the means to move beyond the HbA1c measurement as the sole marker of glycemic control, standardized metrics for analyzing CGM data are lac

6. Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Intensive Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

   Tamborlane Wv · 2008 · New England Journal of Medicine · 1,561 citations

   BACKGROUND: The value of continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus has not been determined. METHODS: In a multicenter clinical trial, we randomly assigned 322 adults and children who were already receiving intensive therapy for type 1 diabetes to a group with continuous glucose monitoring or to a control group performing home monitoring with a blood glucose meter. All the patients were stratified into three groups according to age and had a glycated hemoglobin level of 7.0 to 10.0%. The primary outcome was the change in the glycated hemoglobin level at 26 weeks. RESULTS: The changes in glycated hemoglobin levels in the two study groups varied markedly accord

7. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management: A Review of Technologies and Applications

   G. Cappon, M. Vettoretti, G. Sparacino, et al. · 2019 · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · 468 citations

   By providing blood glucose (BG) concentration measurements in an almost continuous-time fashion for several consecutive days, wearable minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing diabetes management, and are becoming an increasingly adopted technology especially for diabetic individuals requiring insulin administrations. Indeed, by providing glucose real-time insights of BG dynamics and trend, and being equipped with visual and acoustic alarms for hypo- and hyperglycemia, CGM devices have been proved to improve safety and effectiveness of diabetes therapy, reduce hypoglycemia incidence and duration, and decrease glycemic variability. Furthermore, the re

8. Impact of Fat, Protein, and Glycemic Index on Postprandial Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes: Implications for Intensive Diabetes Management in the Continuous Glucose Monitoring Era

   Kirstine J. Bell, Carmel E. Smart, Garry M. Steil, et al. · 2015 · Diabetes Care · 381 citations

   BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring highlights the complexity of postprandial glucose patterns present in type 1 diabetes and points to the limitations of current approaches to mealtime insulin dosing based primarily on carbohydrate counting. METHODS: A systematic review of all relevant biomedical databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, was conducted to identify research on the effects of dietary fat, protein, and glycemic index (GI) on acute postprandial glucose control in type 1 diabetes and prandial insulin dosing strategies for these dietary factors. RESULTS: All studies examining the effect of fat (n = 7), protein (n =

9. The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes

   · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 350 citations

   OBJECTIVE The potential benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of adults and children with well-controlled type 1 diabetes have not been examined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 129 adults and children with intensively treated type 1 diabetes (age range 8–69 years) and A1C <7.0% were randomly assigned to either continuous or standard glucose monitoring for 26 weeks. The main study outcomes were time with glucose level ≤70 mg/dl, A1C level, and severe hypoglycemic events. RESULTS A

10. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Clinical Care Environment

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 294 citations

    OBJECTIVE To determine whether continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is effective in the management of type 1 diabetes when implemented in a manner that more closely approximates clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS After completion of a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating CGM in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes, CGM was initiated in the trial's control group with less intensive training and follow-up than was included in the RCT. Subjects had an outpatient training session, two follow-up phone calls, and outpatient visits at 1, 4, 13, and 26

11. Complications of Diabetes and Metrics of Glycemic Management Derived From Continuous Glucose Monitoring

    M. Yapanis, S. James, M. Craig, et al. · 2022 · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · 272 citations

    Abstract Context Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications. Evidence Acquisition PubMed and Embase databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to August 22, 2020, using the terms type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, and measures of glycaemic variability. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not us

12. Factors Predictive of Use and of Benefit From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 219 citations

    OBJECTIVE To evaluate factors associated with successful use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) among participants with intensively treated type 1 diabetes in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Randomized Clinical Trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The 232 participants randomly assigned to the CGM group (165 with baseline A1C ≥7.0% and 67 with A1C <7.0%) were asked to use CGM on a daily basis. The associations of baseline factors and early CGM use with CGM use ≥6 days/week in the 6th month and with change in A1C from baseline to 6 months wer

13. Patients’ and caregivers’ experiences of using continuous glucose monitoring to support diabetes self-management: qualitative study

    Julia Lawton, Maxine Blackburn, Jody L. Allen, et al. · 2018 · BMC Endocrine Disorders · 182 citations

    BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) enables users to view real-time interstitial glucose readings and provides information on the direction and rate of change of blood glucose levels. Users can also access historical data to inform treatment decisions. While the clinical and psychological benefits of CGM are well established, little is known about how individuals use CGM to inform diabetes self-management. We explored participants' experiences of using CGM in order to provide recommendations for supporting individuals to make optimal use of this technology. METHODS: In-depth interviews (n = 24) with adults, adolescents and parents who had used CGM for ≥4 weeks; data were analysed

14. Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors

    Martina Vettoretti, Giacomo Cappon, Andrea Facchinetti, et al. · 2020 · Sensors · 169 citations

    Wearable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). These sensors provide in real-time, every 1-5 min, the current blood glucose concentration and its rate-of-change, two key pieces of information for improving the determination of exogenous insulin administration and the prediction of forthcoming adverse events, such as hypo-/hyper-glycemia. The current research in diabetes technology is putting considerable effort into developing decision support systems for patient use, which automatically analyze the patient's data collected by CGM sensors and other portable devices, as well as providing personalized recommendations about thera

15. Prolonged Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Is Common During 12 Months of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 153 citations

    OBJECTIVE To characterize the amount of nocturnal hypoglycemia and evaluate factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults and children with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation CGM randomized clinical trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included 36,467 nights with ≥4 h of CGM glucose readings between 12 midnight and 6:00 a.m. from 176 subjects assigned to the CGM group of the trial. The percentage of nights in which hypoglycemia occurred (two consecutive CGM readings ≤60 mg/dl

16. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Review of an Innovation in Diabetes Management

    Zainab Mian, Kathie L. Hermayer, Alicia J. Jenkins · 2019 · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · 141 citations

17. Variation of Interstitial Glucose Measurements Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitors in Healthy, Nondiabetic Individuals

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 118 citations

    OBJECTIVE To characterize glucose levels during daily living using continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in nondiabetic individuals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Seventy-four healthy children, adolescents, and adults aged 9–65 years with normal glucose tolerance used a blinded CGM device for 3 to 7 days. RESULTS Sensor glucose concentrations were 71–120 mg/dl for 91% of the day. Sensor values were ≤60 or >140 mg/dl for only 0.2% and 0.4% of the day, respectively. Sensor glucose concentrations were slightly higher in ch

18. Sustained Benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on A1C, Glucose Profiles, and Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 104 citations

    OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in intensively treated adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 83 of 86 individuals ≥25 years of age with type 1 diabetes who used CGM as part of a 6-month randomized clinical trial in a subsequent 6-month extension study. RESULTS After 12 months, median CGM use was 6.8 days per week. Mean change in A1C level from baseline to 12 months was −0.4 ± 0.6% (P < 0.001) in subjects with baseline A1C ≥7.0%. A1C remain

19. Development of Smartphone-Controlled and Microneedle-Based Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitoring System for Home-Care Diabetes Management.

    Jian Yang, Xia Gong, Shuijin Chen, et al. · 2023 · ACS sensors · 78 citations

    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can mini-invasively track blood glucose fluctuation and reduce the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and this is is in great demand for diabetes management. However, cost-effective manufacture of CGM systems with continuously improved convenience and performance is still the persistent goal. Herein, we developed a smartphone-controlled and microneedle (MN)-based wearable CGM system for long-term glucose monitoring. The CGM system modified with a sandwich-type enzyme immobilization strategy can satisfy the clinical requirement of interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring for 14 days with a mean absolute relative difference of 10.2% and a cost of les

20. Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control

    Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim · 2023 · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · 73 citations

    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has evolved over the past decade with the integration of various devices including insulin pumps, connected insulin pens (CIPs), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and virtual platforms. CGM has shown consistent benefits in glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin. Moreover, the combined effect of CGM and education have been shown to improve glycemic outcomes more than CGM alone. Now a CIP is the expected future technology that does not need to be worn all day like insulin pumps and helps to calculate insulin doses with a built-in bolus calculator. Although only a few cl

21. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in Older Adults for Optimal Diabetes Management

    M. Munshi · 2023 · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · 42 citations

    More than one third of U.S. adults age ≥65 years have diabetes. According to early studies, 61% of all diabetes-related costs in the United States were for individuals age ≥65 years, and more than half of these costs attributable to treating diabetes-related complications. Numerous studies have shown that use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the incidence and severity of hypoglycemia in younger adults with type 1 diabetes and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2D), and there is growing evidence demonstrating the same benefits in older T2D populations. However, because older adults with diabetes are a heterogeneous group with variable

22. Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations for application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management.

    Alice P K Kong, Soo Lim, Seung Hyun Yoo, et al. · 2023 · Diabetes research and clinical practice · 33 citations

    Glucose monitoring has evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose to glycated hemoglobin, and the latest continuous glucose monitoring(CGM). A key challenge to adoption of CGM for management of diabetes in Asia is the lack of regional CGM recommendations. Hence, thirteen diabetes-specialists from eight Asia-Pacific(APAC) countries/regions convened to formulate evidence-based, APAC-specific CGM recommendations for individuals with diabetes. We defined CGM metrics/targets and developed 13 guiding-statements on use of CGM in- [1]people with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy, and [2]people with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin with/without glucose lowering drugs. Continual use of CGM is r

23. In-Hospital Diabetes Management by a Diabetes Team and Insulin Titration Algorithms Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring or Point-of-Care Glucose Testing in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (DIATEC): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    M. T. Olsen, C. Klarskov, S. Jensen, et al. · 2025 · Diabetes care · 30 citations

    OBJECTIVE The DIATEC trial investigates the glycemic and clinical effects of inpatient continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-guided insulin titration by diabetes teams. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This two-center trial randomized 166 non-intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes management was performed by regular staff, guided by diabetes teams using insulin titration algorithms based on either point-of-care glucose testing or CGM. The primary outcome was the difference in time in range (TIR) (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) between the two arms. Outcomes were assessed during hospitalization. RESULTS The CGM arm achieved a higher median (interquartile range [IQR]) TIR of 77.6% (24.4%)

24. The role of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management and how it should link to integrated personalized diabetes management

    M. Reddy, Nick Oliver · 2024 · Diabetes · 26 citations

    Diabetes is a complex metabolic condition that demands tailored, individualized approaches for effective management. Real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) systems have improved in terms of design, usability and accuracy over the years and play a pivotal role in the delivery of integrated personalized diabetes management (iPDM). iPDM is a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach that combines individualized care strategies utilizing technologies and interventions and encourages the active involvement of the person with diabetes in the care provided. The use of stand‐alone rtCGM and its integration with other diabetes technologies, such as hybrid automated insulin delivery, have enab