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Research papers on Diabetes management technology

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  1. Real-Time Type 1 Diabetes Self-Management Decision-Making in Adolescents: Protocol for a Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study Using Text Messaging and Continuous Glucose Monitoring

    M. DeJonckheere, S. Chuisano, Juniar Lucien, et al. · 2026 · JMIR Research Protocols · 24,497 citations

    Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) requires repeated self-management behaviors and ongoing problem-solving to maintain optimal glucose levels and prevent complications. Despite increasing adoption of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), which can alleviate some of the constant self-management burden, adolescents struggle to achieve glycemic recommendations and report low engagement with diabetes device data. Previous studies have used retrospective or quantitative approaches to describe adolescent self-management; however, it is unclear how psychosocial influences (eg, mood and distress) and contexts impact adolescent self-management behaviors and engagement with their diabetes device

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  2. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors for Diabetes Management: A Review of Technologies and Applications

    Giacomo Cappon, Martina Vettoretti, Giovanni Sparacino, et al. · 2019 · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · 477 citations

    By providing blood glucose (BG) concentration measurements in an almost continuous-time fashion for several consecutive days, wearable minimally-invasive continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing diabetes management, and are becoming an increasingly adopted technology especially for diabetic individuals requiring insulin administrations. Indeed, by providing glucose real-time insights of BG dynamics and trend, and being equipped with visual and acoustic alarms for hypo- and hyperglycemia, CGM devices have been proved to improve safety and effectiveness of diabetes therapy, reduce hypoglycemia incidence and duration, and decrease glycemic variability. Furthermore, the re

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  3. The Effect of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Well-Controlled Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 352 citations

    OBJECTIVE: The potential benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in the management of adults and children with well-controlled type 1 diabetes have not been examined. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 129 adults and children with intensively treated type 1 diabetes (age range 8–69 years) and A1C <7.0% were randomly assigned to either continuous or standard glucose monitoring for 26 weeks. The main study outcomes were time with glucose level ≤70 mg/dl, A1C level, and severe hypoglycemic events. RESULTS: At 26 weeks, biochemical hypoglycemia (≤70 mg/dl) was less frequent in the CGM group than in the control group (median 54 vs. 91 min/day), but the difference was not statistic

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  4. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in a Clinical Care Environment

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 297 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To determine whether continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is effective in the management of type 1 diabetes when implemented in a manner that more closely approximates clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: After completion of a 6-month randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating CGM in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes, CGM was initiated in the trial's control group with less intensive training and follow-up than was included in the RCT. Subjects had an outpatient training session, two follow-up phone calls, and outpatient visits at 1, 4, 13, and 26 weeks. For subjects with baseline A1C ≥7.0%, the primary outcome was change in A1C at 6 months. RESULT

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  5. Complications of Diabetes and Metrics of Glycemic Management Derived From Continuous Glucose Monitoring

    Michael Yapanis, Steven James, Maria E. Craig, et al. · 2022 · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 294 citations

    CONTEXT: Although glycated hemoglobin A1c is currently the best parameter used clinically to assess risk for the development of diabetes complications, it does not provide insight into short-term fluctuations in glucose levels. This review summarizes the relationship between continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived metrics of glycemic variability and diabetes-related complications. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: PubMed and Embase databases were searched from January 1, 2010 to August 22, 2020, using the terms type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, and measures of glycaemic variability. Exclusion criteria were studies that did not use CGM a

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  6. Factors Predictive of Use and of Benefit From Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 220 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with successful use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) among participants with intensively treated type 1 diabetes in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Randomized Clinical Trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The 232 participants randomly assigned to the CGM group (165 with baseline A1C ≥7.0% and 67 with A1C <7.0%) were asked to use CGM on a daily basis. The associations of baseline factors and early CGM use with CGM use ≥6 days/week in the 6th month and with change in A1C from baseline to 6 months were evaluated in regression models. RESULTS: The only baseline factors found to be associated with greater CG

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  7. Advanced Diabetes Management Using Artificial Intelligence and Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors

    Martina Vettoretti, Giacomo Cappon, Andrea Facchinetti, et al. · 2020 · Sensors · 175 citations

    Wearable continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors are revolutionizing the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). These sensors provide in real-time, every 1-5 min, the current blood glucose concentration and its rate-of-change, two key pieces of information for improving the determination of exogenous insulin administration and the prediction of forthcoming adverse events, such as hypo-/hyper-glycemia. The current research in diabetes technology is putting considerable effort into developing decision support systems for patient use, which automatically analyze the patient's data collected by CGM sensors and other portable devices, as well as providing personalized recommendations about thera

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  8. Prolonged Nocturnal Hypoglycemia Is Common During 12 Months of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2010 · Diabetes Care · 154 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To characterize the amount of nocturnal hypoglycemia and evaluate factors associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in adults and children with type 1 diabetes who participated in the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation CGM randomized clinical trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The analysis included 36,467 nights with ≥4 h of CGM glucose readings between 12 midnight and 6:00 a.m. from 176 subjects assigned to the CGM group of the trial. The percentage of nights in which hypoglycemia occurred (two consecutive CGM readings ≤60 mg/dl in 20 min) was computed for each subject. Associations with baseline characteristics and clinical fact

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  11. Sustained Benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on A1C, Glucose Profiles, and Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

    · 2009 · Diabetes Care · 104 citations

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in intensively treated adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 83 of 86 individuals ≥25 years of age with type 1 diabetes who used CGM as part of a 6-month randomized clinical trial in a subsequent 6-month extension study. RESULTS: After 12 months, median CGM use was 6.8 days per week. Mean change in A1C level from baseline to 12 months was −0.4 ± 0.6% (P < 0.001) in subjects with baseline A1C ≥7.0%. A1C remained stable at 6.4% in those with baseline A1C <7.0%. The incidence rate of severe hypoglycemia was 21.8 and 7.1 events per 100 person-years in the first and last 6 months,

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  12. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Current Use in Diabetes Management and Possible Future Applications

    Martina Vettoretti, Giacomo Cappon, Giada Acciaroli, et al. · 2018 · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · 96 citations

    The recent announcement of the production of new low-cost continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors, the approval of marketed CGM sensors for making treatment decisions, and new reimbursement criteria have the potential to revolutionize CGM use. After briefly summarizing current CGM applications, we discuss how, in our opinion, these changes are expected to extend CGM utilization beyond diabetes patients, for example, to subjects with prediabetes or even healthy individuals. We also elaborate on how the integration of CGM data with other relevant information, for example, health records and other medical device/wearable sensor data, will contribute to creating a digital data ecosystem that

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  13. Development of Smartphone-Controlled and Microneedle-Based Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitoring System for Home-Care Diabetes Management.

    Jian Yang, Xia Gong, Shuijin Chen, et al. · 2023 · ACS sensors · 89 citations

    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) can mini-invasively track blood glucose fluctuation and reduce the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and this is is in great demand for diabetes management. However, cost-effective manufacture of CGM systems with continuously improved convenience and performance is still the persistent goal. Herein, we developed a smartphone-controlled and microneedle (MN)-based wearable CGM system for long-term glucose monitoring. The CGM system modified with a sandwich-type enzyme immobilization strategy can satisfy the clinical requirement of interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose monitoring for 14 days with a mean absolute relative difference of 10.2% and a cost of les

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  14. Advances in Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Integrated Devices for Management of Diabetes with Insulin-Based Therapy: Improvement in Glycemic Control

    Jee Hee Yoo, Jae Hyeon Kim · 2023 · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · 79 citations

    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has evolved over the past decade with the integration of various devices including insulin pumps, connected insulin pens (CIPs), automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, and virtual platforms. CGM has shown consistent benefits in glycemic outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treated with insulin. Moreover, the combined effect of CGM and education have been shown to improve glycemic outcomes more than CGM alone. Now a CIP is the expected future technology that does not need to be worn all day like insulin pumps and helps to calculate insulin doses with a built-in bolus calculator. Although only a few cl

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  15. The use of real time continuous glucose monitoring or flash glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes: A consensus view of Italian diabetes experts using the Delphi method

    Daniela Bruttomesso, Luigi Laviola, Angelo Avogaro, et al. · 2019 · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · 72 citations

    Until recently, in Italy, the use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems has been limited, but is now rapidly increasing, including the so-called real-time CGM (rtCGM) and the intermittently viewed CGM (iCGM), also called Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM). These technologies overcome many of the limitations of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) by fingerprick and allow to go beyond HbA1c to check glucose control in diabetes. However, standardized protocols for applying and interpreting rtCGM and FGM data are lacking. In this paper, we delineate a consensus amongst Italian diabetes physicians on the attributes of rtCGM and FGM technologies, and introduce a consistent approach for th

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  16. Continuous Glucose Monitoring: The Future of Diabetes Management

    Mark R. Burge, Stephen Mitchell, Alison M. Sawyer, et al. · 2008 · Diabetes Spectrum · 66 citations

    In Brief Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has the potential to revolutionize diabetes care in the near future because of the real-time feedback it provides about therapeutic interventions and variations in lifestyle or dietary intake. In short, CGM has made the attainment of near-normal blood glucose concentrations an achievable goal for most patients with diabetes. Several challenges remain to be addressed, however, including the high cost of the devices, limitations in approved clinical uses, and insurance coverage for the technology. This article reviews the CGM technology currently available in the United States, its approved uses, and its limitations.

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  17. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in Older Adults for Optimal Diabetes Management

    M. Munshi · 2023 · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · 49 citations

    More than one third of U.S. adults age ≥65 years have diabetes. According to early studies, 61% of all diabetes-related costs in the United States were for individuals age ≥65 years, and more than half of these costs attributable to treating diabetes-related complications. Numerous studies have shown that use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the incidence and severity of hypoglycemia in younger adults with type 1 diabetes and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2D), and there is growing evidence demonstrating the same benefits in older T2D populations. However, because older adults with diabetes are a heterogeneous group with variable

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  18. In-Hospital Diabetes Management by a Diabetes Team and Insulin Titration Algorithms Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring or Point-of-Care Glucose Testing in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (DIATEC): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

    M. T. Olsen, C. Klarskov, S. Jensen, et al. · 2025 · Diabetes care · 40 citations

    OBJECTIVE The DIATEC trial investigates the glycemic and clinical effects of inpatient continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-guided insulin titration by diabetes teams. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This two-center trial randomized 166 non-intensive care unit patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes management was performed by regular staff, guided by diabetes teams using insulin titration algorithms based on either point-of-care glucose testing or CGM. The primary outcome was the difference in time in range (TIR) (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) between the two arms. Outcomes were assessed during hospitalization. RESULTS The CGM arm achieved a higher median (interquartile range [IQR]) TIR of 77.6% (24.4%)

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  19. Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations for application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management.

    A. P. Kong, Soo Lim, Seung Hyun Yoo, et al. · 2023 · Diabetes research and clinical practice · 36 citations

    Glucose monitoring has evolved from self-monitoring of blood glucose to glycated hemoglobin, and the latest continuous glucose monitoring(CGM). A key challenge to adoption of CGM for management of diabetes in Asia is the lack of regional CGM recommendations. Hence, thirteen diabetes-specialists from eight Asia-Pacific(APAC) countries/regions convened to formulate evidence-based, APAC-specific CGM recommendations for individuals with diabetes. We defined CGM metrics/targets and developed 13 guiding-statements on use of CGM in- [1]people with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy, and [2]people with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin with/without glucose lowering drugs. Continual use of CGM is r

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  20. The role of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management and how it should link to integrated personalized diabetes management

    M. Reddy, Nick Oliver · 2024 · Diabetes · 31 citations

    Diabetes is a complex metabolic condition that demands tailored, individualized approaches for effective management. Real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) systems have improved in terms of design, usability and accuracy over the years and play a pivotal role in the delivery of integrated personalized diabetes management (iPDM). iPDM is a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach that combines individualized care strategies utilizing technologies and interventions and encourages the active involvement of the person with diabetes in the care provided. The use of stand‐alone rtCGM and its integration with other diabetes technologies, such as hybrid automated insulin delivery, have enab

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  21. Continuous glucose monitoring in the management of gestational diabetes in Switzerland (DipGluMo): an open-label, single-centre, randomised, controlled trial.

    Sofia Amylidi-Mohr, G. Zennaro, S. Schneider, et al. · 2025 · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 30 citations

    BACKGROUND In gestational diabetes, one of the key factors affecting perinatal outcomes is glycaemic control. We aimed to investigate the effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) on perinatal outcomes versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). METHODS In this open-label, randomised, controlled trial, we recruited pregnant individuals aged 18-45 years with gestational diabetes, according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria, from a university hospital in Bern, Switzerland. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to the rtCGM intervention group or the SMBG control group. Randomisation was done centrally on the basis of pre-p

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  22. Continuous glucose monitoring for self-management of diabetes in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus on basal insulin therapy: a microsimulation model and cost-effectiveness analysis from a US perspective with relevance to Medicaid.

    Jerry R Frank, Daniel Son, Kirk Szafranski, et al. · 2024 · Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 21 citations

    BACKGROUND Reducing the risks of complications is a primary goal of diabetes management, with effective glycemic control a key factor. Glucose monitoring using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology is an important part of diabetes self-management, helping patients reach and maintain targeted glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Although clinical guidelines recommended CGM use, coverage by Medicaid is limited, likely because of cost concerns. OBJECTIVE To assess the cost-effectiveness of FreeStyle Libre CGM systems, compared with capillary-based self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), in US individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus using basal insulin. METHODS A patie

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  24. Optimizing type 2 diabetes management: AI-enhanced time series analysis of continuous glucose monitoring data for personalized dietary intervention

    Madiha Anjum, Raazia Saher, Muhammad Noman Saeed · 2024 · PeerJ Computer Science · 20 citations

    Despite advanced health facilities in many developed countries, diabetic patients face multifold health challenges. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) go along with conspicuous symptoms due to frequent peaks, hypoglycemia <=70 mg/dL (while fasting), or hyperglycemia >=180 mg/dL two hours postprandial, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA)). The worse effects of Type 2 diabetes mellitus are precisely associated with the poor lifestyle adopted by patients. In particular, a healthy diet and nutritious food are the key to success for such patients. This study was done to help T2DM patients improve their health by developing a favorable lifestyle under an AI-assisted Continuous glucos

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