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Research papers on Spaced repetition and memory

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  1. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

    Nelson Cowan · 2001 · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · 6,828 citations

    Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term memory (STM) tasks. However, that number was meant more as a rough estimate and a rhetorical device than as a real capacity limit. Others have since suggested that there is a more precise capacity limit, but that it is only three to five chunks. The present target article brings together a wide variety of data on capacity limits suggesting that the smaller capacity limit is real. Capacity limits will be useful in analyses of information processing only if the boundary conditions for observing them can be carefully described. Four basic conditions in which chunks can be identified and capacity limits c

  2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy

    Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Laurie Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova, et al. · 2019 · International Journal of Information Management · 4,134 citations

    As far back as the industrial revolution, significant development in technical innovation has succeeded in transforming numerous manual tasks and processes that had been in existence for decades where humans had reached the limits of physical capacity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers this same transformative potential for the augmentation and potential replacement of human tasks and activities within a wide range of industrial, intellectual and social applications. The pace of change for this new AI technological age is staggering, with new breakthroughs in algorithmic machine learning and autonomous decision-making, engendering new opportunities for continued innovation. The impact of A

  4. European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice

    Giovanni Cammarota, Gianluca Ianiro, Herbert Tilg, et al. · 2017 · Gut · 1,168 citations

    Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an important therapeutic option for Clostridium difficile infection. Promising findings suggest that FMT may play a role also in the management of other disorders associated with the alteration of gut microbiota. Although the health community is assessing FMT with renewed interest and patients are becoming more aware, there are technical and logistical issues in establishing such a non-standardised treatment into the clinical practice with safety and proper governance. In view of this, an evidence-based recommendation is needed to drive the practical implementation of FMT. In this European Consensus Conference, 28 experts from 10 countries collabora

  5. A scoping review on incentives for adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and their outcomes

    Valeria Piñeiro, Joaquín Arias, J. Dürr, et al. · 2020 · Nature Sustainability · 709 citations

    Abstract The increasing pressure on agricultural production systems to achieve global food security and prevent environmental degradation necessitates a transition towards more sustainable practices. The purpose of this scoping review is to understand how the incentives offered to farmers motivate the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices and, ultimately, how and whether they result in measurable outcomes. To this end, this scoping review examines the evidence of nearly 18,000 papers on whether incentive-based programmes lead to the adoption of sustainable practices and their effect on environmental, economic and productivity outcomes. We find that independent of the incentive type,

  8. Enhancing Streamflow Forecast and Extracting Insights Using Long‐Short Term Memory Networks With Data Integration at Continental Scales

    Dapeng Feng, Kuai Fang, Chaopeng Shen · 2020 · Water Resources Research · 520 citations

    Abstract Recent observations with varied schedules and types (moving average, snapshot, or regularly spaced) can help to improve streamflow forecasts, but it is challenging to integrate them effectively. Based on a long short‐term memory (LSTM) streamflow model, we tested multiple versions of a flexible procedure we call data integration (DI) to leverage recent discharge measurements to improve forecasts. DI accepts lagged inputs either directly or through a convolutional neural network unit. DI ubiquitously elevated streamflow forecast performance to unseen levels, reaching a record continental‐scale median Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient value of 0.86. Integrating moving‐average disc

  10. A Trainable Spaced Repetition Model for Language Learning

    Burr Settles, Brendan Meeder · 2016 · 201 citations

    We present half-life regression (HLR), a novel model for spaced repetition practice with applications to second language acquisition. HLR combines psycholinguistic theory with modern machine learning techniques, indirectly estimating the "halflife" of a word or concept in a student's long-term memory. We use data from Duolingo -a popular online language learning application -to fit HLR models, reducing error by 45%+ compared to several baselines at predicting student recall rates. HLR model weights also shed light on which linguistic concepts are systematically challenging for second language learners. Finally, HLR was able to improve Duolingo daily student engagement by 12% in an operationa

  14. The effect of overlearning on long‐term retention

    Doug Rohrer, Kelli Taylor, Harold Pashler, et al. · 2004 · Applied Cognitive Psychology · 99 citations

    Abstract Once material has been learned to a criterion of one perfect trial, further study within the same session constitutes overlearning. Although overlearning is a popular learning strategy, its effect on long‐term retention is unclear. In two experiments presented here, 218 college students learned geography facts (Experiment 1) or word definitions (Experiment 2). The degree of learning was manipulated and measured via multiple test‐with‐feedback trials, and participants returned for a final cued recall test between 1 and 9 weeks later. The overlearners recalled far more than the low learners at the 1‐week test, but this difference decreased dramatically thereafter. These data suggest t

  18. No Robust Effect of Distributed Practice on the Short- and Long-Term Retention of Mathematical Procedures

    M. Ebersbach, Katharina Barzagar Nazari · 2020 · Frontiers in Psychology · 9 citations

    We investigated the effect of distributed practice and more specifically the “lag effect” concerning the retention of mathematical procedures. The lag effect implies that longer retention intervals benefit from longer inter-study intervals (ISIs). University students (N = 235) first learned how to solve permutation tasks and then practiced this procedure with an ISI of zero (i.e., massed), one, or 11 days. The final test took place after one or five weeks. All conditions were manipulated between-subjects. Contrary to our expectations, the analyses revealed no effect of distributed practice and therewith also no lag effect, even though the sample size was sufficiently large. The only signific

  19. Short- and Long-term Effects of Repetition Strategies on Vocabulary Retention

    Sultan Altalhab · 2018 · Advances in Language and Literary Studies · 8 citations

    This experimental study examines the role of oral and written repetition strategies in consolidating new vocabulary in the classroom context. The participants in this study were divided into three treatment groups: oral, written and oral+written. A pretest and three delayed post-tests given at one day, one week and six weeks intervals were utilised in the study. The short and long-term retention of 12 unknown words was investigated over one semester. The results revealed that all three types of repetition strategies were effective in retaining new vocabulary in the short-term. However, in the long-term, the oral+written group achieved superior results while the oral group was the least effec

  21. Effectiveness of spaced repetition learning using a mobile flashcard application among dental students: A randomized controlled trial.

    V. Santhosh, David Coutinho, Anil V Ankola, et al. · 2024 · Journal of dental education · 5 citations

    BACKGROUND Dental education in India predominantly relies on traditional lecture-based learning (LBL), which may hinder student engagement and learning outcomes. To address these limitations, innovative learning methodologies, such as spaced repetition learning (SRL), are imperative. SRL prioritizes active recall and can enhance long-term knowledge retention. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of SRL delivered through a mobile flashcard application, in enhancing knowledge retention among dental undergraduates. METHODS This single-blind randomized controlled trial (CTRI/2023/10/059347), conducted in Belagavi, India, involved 90 dental students who were equally distributed into cont

  22. Unveiling the Art of Effective Learning through Spaced Repetition and Evidence-Based Techniques

    Kshitij Narkhede, Ratnakar Patil, Aman Kasat, et al. · 2024 · 2024 IEEE International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Communications (InC4) · 4 citations

    This study critically examines the limitations of traditional learning methods, such as cramming, re-reading, and massed practice, which often result in suboptimal long-term retention and understanding. The paper proposes an integrated approach, emphasizing the pivotal role of Spaced Repetition alongside other evidence-based techniques. By exploring Active Recall, Desirable Difficulties, Elaboration, Interleaving, Concrete Examples, Dual Coding, and Distributed Practice, this research harmonizes cognitive psychology and neuroscience principles. The integrated approach outlined in the paper aims to enhance memory, comprehension, and problem-solving, catering to learners of diverse paces and a

  23. ENHANCING ELS STUDENTS’ LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY THROUGH SPACED REPETITION

    Yelyzaveta Kryukova, Natalia Yamshynska, N. Kutsenok, et al. · 2024 · Education. Innovation. Practice · 3 citations

    In language learning, the method of spaced repetition has gained significant importance. It is undoubtedly a learning technique that can greatly enhance students' vocabulary and grammar acquisition. Spaced repetition allows to improve students' long-term retention of the language content they study enhancing language learning through active engagement, repetition, and visual aids. The effectiveness of spaced repetition as a method of improving English language acquisition was investigated by the authors of the paper. The participants of the research were students at the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute." The experiment involved 76 students, w

  24. Enhancing Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition through Self-Regulation, Spaced Repetition, and Cognitive Load Management Strategies

    Shamsi Samavi Aghdam, Roya Ranjbar Mohammadi, Hassan Asadollahfam, et al. · 2025 · Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies · 3 citations

    This study aims to investigate not only how learners perceive the effectiveness of this approach for long-term retention and practical application, but also how they experience the learning process in terms of cognitive load. Effectively managing cognitive load, the amount of information learners can process at once, is crucial for successful implementation of SR and SpR techniques. Building a strong vocabulary is essential for becoming fluent in a second language. Traditional methods like memorization often prove ineffective. Recent breakthroughs in understanding of memory and learning offer promising alternatives. such as spaced retention and spaced retrieval, believed to work even better

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