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Research papers on Retrieval-augmented generation in language models

Recent and highly-cited academic work on retrieval-augmented generation in language models, gathered from Semantic Scholar, CrossRef and OpenAlex.

1. Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey

   Yunfan Gao, Yun Xiong, Xinyu Gao, et al. · 2023 · ArXiv · 3,924 citations

   Large Language Models (LLMs) showcase impressive capabilities but encounter challenges like hallucination, outdated knowledge, and non-transparent, untraceable reasoning processes. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising solution by incorporating knowledge from external databases. This enhances the accuracy and credibility of the generation, particularly for knowledge-intensive tasks, and allows for continuous knowledge updates and integration of domain-specific information. RAG synergistically merges LLMs' intrinsic knowledge with the vast, dynamic repositories of external databases. This comprehensive review paper offers a detailed examination of the progression of

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2. Large language models encode clinical knowledge

   Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, et al. · 2023 · Nature · 3,622 citations

   Abstract Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities, but the bar for clinical applications is high. Attempts to assess the clinical knowledge of models typically rely on automated evaluations based on limited benchmarks. Here, to address these limitations, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing medical question answering datasets spanning professional medicine, research and consumer queries and a new dataset of medical questions searched online, HealthSearchQA. We propose a human evaluation framework for model answers along multiple axes including factuality, comprehension, reasoning, possible harm and bias. In addition, we evaluate Pathways Lan

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3. A Survey on RAG Meeting LLMs: Towards Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models

   Wenqi Fan, Yujuan Ding, Liangbo Ning, et al. · 2024 · 706 citations

   As one of the most advanced techniques in AI, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) can offer reliable and up-to-date external knowledge, providing huge convenience for numerous tasks. Particularly in the era of AI-Generated Content (AIGC), the powerful capacity of retrieval in providing additional knowledge enables RAG to assist existing generative AI in producing high-quality outputs. Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated revolutionary abilities in language understanding and generation, while still facing inherent limitations such as hallucinations and out-of-date internal knowledge. Given the powerful abilities of RAG in providing the latest and helpful auxiliary informa

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4. Benchmarking Large Language Models in Retrieval-Augmented Generation

   Jiawei Chen, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, et al. · 2023 · 637 citations

   Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising approach for mitigating the hallucination of large language models (LLMs). However, existing research lacks rigorous evaluation of the impact of retrieval-augmented generation on different large language models, which make it challenging to identify the potential bottlenecks in the capabilities of RAG for different LLMs. In this paper, we systematically investigate the impact of Retrieval-Augmented Generation on large language models. We analyze the performance of different large language models in 4 fundamental abilities required for RAG, including noise robustness, negative rejection, information integration, and counterfactual robustness

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5. PoisonedRAG: Knowledge Corruption Attacks to Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language Models

   Wei Zou, Runpeng Geng, Binghui Wang, et al. · 2024 · 283 citations

   Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success due to their exceptional generative capabilities. Despite their success, they also have inherent limitations such as a lack of up-to-date knowledge and hallucination. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a state-of-the-art technique to mitigate these limitations. The key idea of RAG is to ground the answer generation of an LLM on external knowledge retrieved from a knowledge database. Existing studies mainly focus on improving the accuracy or efficiency of RAG, leaving its security largely unexplored. We aim to bridge the gap in this work. We find that the knowledge database in a RAG system introduces a new and practical attack

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6. Retrieval augmented generation for large language models in healthcare: A systematic review

   L. M. Amugongo, Pietro Mascheroni, Steve Brooks, et al. · 2025 · PLOS Digital Health · 227 citations

   Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities to solve complex tasks in critical sectors such as healthcare. However, LLMs are limited by their training data which is often outdated, the tendency to generate inaccurate (“hallucinated”) content and a lack of transparency in the content they generate. To address these limitations, retrieval augmented generation (RAG) grounds the responses of LLMs by exposing them to external knowledge sources. However, in the healthcare domain there is currently a lack of systematic understanding of which datasets, RAG methodologies and evaluation frameworks are available. This review aims to bridge this gap by assessing RAG-based appro

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7. Optimization of hepatological clinical guidelines interpretation by large language models: a retrieval augmented generation-based framework

   Simone Kresevic, M. Giuffré, M. Ajčević, et al. · 2024 · NPJ Digital Medicine · 196 citations

   Large language models (LLMs) can potentially transform healthcare, particularly in providing the right information to the right provider at the right time in the hospital workflow. This study investigates the integration of LLMs into healthcare, specifically focusing on improving clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) through accurate interpretation of medical guidelines for chronic Hepatitis C Virus infection management. Utilizing OpenAI’s GPT-4 Turbo model, we developed a customized LLM framework that incorporates retrieval augmented generation (RAG) and prompt engineering. Our framework involved guideline conversion into the best-structured format that can be efficiently processed by L

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8. Enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Large Language Models with Iterative Retrieval-Generation Synergy

   Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, et al. · 2023 · 174 citations

   Retrieval-augmented generation has raise extensive attention as it is promising to address the limitations of large language models including outdated knowledge and hallucinations. However, retrievers struggle to capture relevance, especially for queries with complex information needs. Recent work has proposed to improve relevance modeling by having large language models actively involved in retrieval, i.e., to guide retrieval with generation. In this paper, we show that strong performance can be achieved by a method we call ITER-RETGEN, which synergizes retrieval and generation in an iterative manner: a model's response to a task input shows what might be needed to finish the task, and thus

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9. Integrating Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Large Language Models in Nephrology: Advancing Practical Applications

   Jing Miao, C. Thongprayoon, S. Suppadungsuk, et al. · 2024 · Medicina · 172 citations

   The integration of large language models (LLMs) into healthcare, particularly in nephrology, represents a significant advancement in applying advanced technology to patient care, medical research, and education. These advanced models have progressed from simple text processors to tools capable of deep language understanding, offering innovative ways to handle health-related data, thus improving medical practice efficiency and effectiveness. A significant challenge in medical applications of LLMs is their imperfect accuracy and/or tendency to produce hallucinations—outputs that are factually incorrect or irrelevant. This issue is particularly critical in healthcare, where precision is essenti

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10. Improving large language model applications in biomedicine with retrieval-augmented generation: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical development guidelines

    Siru Liu, Allison B. McCoy, Adam Wright · 2025 · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · 152 citations

    OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study are to synthesize findings from recent research of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and large language models (LLMs) in biomedicine and provide clinical development guidelines to improve effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review and a meta-analysis. The report was created in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 analysis. Searches were performed in 3 databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO) using terms related to "retrieval augmented generation" and "large language model," for articles published in 2023 and 2024. We selected studies that compared baseline LLM per

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11. CRUD-RAG: A Comprehensive Chinese Benchmark for Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language Models

    Yuanjie Lyu, Zhiyu Li, Simin Niu, et al. · 2024 · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · 142 citations

    Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a technique that enhances the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge sources. This method addresses common LLM limitations, including outdated information and the tendency to produce inaccurate “hallucinated” content. However, evaluating RAG systems is a challenge. Most benchmarks focus primarily on question-answering applications, neglecting other potential scenarios where RAG could be beneficial. Accordingly, in the experiments, these benchmarks often assess only the LLM components of the RAG pipeline or the retriever in knowledge-intensive scenarios, overlooking the impact of external knowledge base construc

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12. Development of a liver disease–specific large language model chat interface using retrieval-augmented generation

    Jin Ge, Steve Sun, Joseph F. Owens, et al. · 2024 · Hepatology · 140 citations

    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large language models (LLMs) have significant capabilities in clinical information processing tasks. Commercially available LLMs, however, are not optimized for clinical uses and are prone to generating hallucinatory information. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is an enterprise architecture that allows the embedding of customized data into LLMs. This approach "specializes" the LLMs and is thought to reduce hallucinations. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We developed "LiVersa," a liver disease-specific LLM, by using our institution's protected health information-complaint text embedding and LLM platform, "Versa." We conducted RAG on 30 publicly available American Association f

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13. A Survey of Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Customized Large Language Models

    Qinggang Zhang, Shengyuan Chen, Yuan-Qi Bei, et al. · 2025 · ArXiv · 139 citations

    Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in a wide range of tasks, yet their application to specialized domains remains challenging due to the need for deep expertise. Retrieval-Augmented generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising solution to customize LLMs for professional fields by seamlessly integrating external knowledge bases, enabling real-time access to domain-specific expertise during inference. Despite its potential, traditional RAG systems, based on flat text retrieval, face three critical challenges: (i) complex query understanding in professional contexts, (ii) difficulties in knowledge integration across distributed sources, and (iii) system effici

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14. Retrieval augmented generation for 10 large language models and its generalizability in assessing medical fitness

    Yuhe Ke, Liyuan Jin, K. Elangovan, et al. · 2025 · NPJ Digital Medicine · 129 citations

    Large Language Models (LLMs) hold promise for medical applications but often lack domain-specific expertise. Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enables customization by integrating specialized knowledge. This study assessed the accuracy, consistency, and safety of LLM-RAG models in determining surgical fitness and delivering preoperative instructions using 35 local and 23 international guidelines. Ten LLMs (e.g., GPT3.5, GPT4, GPT4o, Gemini, Llama2, and Llama3, Claude) were tested across 14 clinical scenarios. A total of 3234 responses were generated and compared to 448 human-generated answers. The GPT4 LLM-RAG model with international guidelines generated answers within 20 s and achieved

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15. Simple is Effective: The Roles of Graphs and Large Language Models in Knowledge-Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation

    Mufei Li, Siqi Miao, Pan Li · 2024 · ArXiv · 110 citations

    Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning abilities but face limitations such as hallucinations and outdated knowledge. Knowledge Graph (KG)-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses these issues by grounding LLM outputs in structured external knowledge from KGs. However, current KG-based RAG frameworks still struggle to optimize the trade-off between retrieval effectiveness and efficiency in identifying a suitable amount of relevant graph information for the LLM to digest. We introduce SubgraphRAG, extending the KG-based RAG framework that retrieves subgraphs and leverages LLMs for reasoning and answer prediction. Our approach innovatively integrates a lightweight

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16. BadRAG: Identifying Vulnerabilities in Retrieval Augmented Generation of Large Language Models

    Jiaqi Xue, Meng Zheng, Yebowen Hu, et al. · 2024 · ArXiv · 98 citations

    Large Language Models (LLMs) are constrained by outdated information and a tendency to generate incorrect data, commonly referred to as"hallucinations."Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses these limitations by combining the strengths of retrieval-based methods and generative models. This approach involves retrieving relevant information from a large, up-to-date dataset and using it to enhance the generation process, leading to more accurate and contextually appropriate responses. Despite its benefits, RAG introduces a new attack surface for LLMs, particularly because RAG databases are often sourced from public data, such as the web. In this paper, we propose \TrojRAG{} to identify

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17. PoisonedRAG: Knowledge Poisoning Attacks to Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language Models

    Wei Zou, Runpeng Geng, Binghui Wang, et al. · 2024 · ArXiv · 95 citations

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18. Effectiveness of retrieval augmented generation-based large language models for generating construction safety information

    Miyoung Uhm, Jaehee Kim, Seungjun Ahn, et al. · 2025 · Automation in Construction · 80 citations

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19. TrojanRAG: Retrieval-Augmented Generation Can Be Backdoor Driver in Large Language Models

    Pengzhou Cheng, Yidong Ding, Tianjie Ju, et al. · 2024 · ArXiv · 80 citations

    Large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about potential security threats despite performing significantly in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Backdoor attacks initially verified that LLM is doing substantial harm at all stages, but the cost and robustness have been criticized. Attacking LLMs is inherently risky in security review, while prohibitively expensive. Besides, the continuous iteration of LLMs will degrade the robustness of backdoors. In this paper, we propose TrojanRAG, which employs a joint backdoor attack in the Retrieval-Augmented Generation, thereby manipulating LLMs in universal attack scenarios. Specifically, the adversary constructs elaborate target contexts and

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20. Towards Trustworthy Retrieval Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey

    B. Ni, Zheyuan Liu, Leyao Wang, et al. · 2025 · ACM Computing Surveys · 61 citations

    Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances AI-generated content by integrating external knowledge, improving relevance, and reducing hallucinations. However, RAG also introduces risks related to reliability, safety, privacy, fairness, explainability, and accountability, which impact trustworthiness. While various methods aim to address these concerns, a unified framework is lacking. This survey bridges that gap by presenting a comprehensive roadmap for trustworthy RAG systems. We provide a structured analysis of key challenges, existing solutions, and future directions across these aspects. We further organize the field around how the retrieval and generation stages and the six trustworth

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21. Retrieval Augmented Generation Evaluation in the Era of Large Language Models: A Comprehensive Survey

    Aoran Gan, Hao Yu, Kai Zhang, et al. · 2025 · ArXiv · 47 citations

    Recent advancements in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have revolutionized natural language processing by integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) with external information retrieval, enabling accurate, up-to-date, and verifiable text generation across diverse applications. However, evaluating RAG systems presents unique challenges due to their hybrid architecture that combines retrieval and generation components, as well as their dependence on dynamic knowledge sources in the LLM era. In response, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of RAG evaluation methods and frameworks, systematically reviewing traditional and emerging evaluation approaches, for system performance, factual a

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22. SurgeryLLM: a retrieval-augmented generation large language model framework for surgical decision support and workflow enhancement

    Chin Siang Ong, Nicholas T. Obey, Yanan Zheng, et al. · 2024 · npj Digital Medicine · 44 citations

    SurgeryLLM, a large language model framework using Retrieval Augmented Generation demonstrably incorporated domain-specific knowledge from current evidence-based surgical guidelines when presented with patient-specific data. The successful incorporation of guideline-based information represents a substantial step toward enabling greater surgeon efficiency, improving patient safety, and optimizing surgical outcomes.

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23. RAG LLMs are Not Safer: A Safety Analysis of Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models

    Shiyue Zhang, M. Dredze, AI Bloomberg, et al. · 2025 · ArXiv · 36 citations

    Efforts to ensure the safety of large language models (LLMs) include safety fine-tuning, evaluation, and red teaming. However, despite the widespread use of the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework, AI safety work focuses on standard LLMs, which means we know little about how RAG use cases change a model's safety profile. We conduct a detailed comparative analysis of RAG and non-RAG frameworks with eleven LLMs. We find that RAG can make models less safe and change their safety profile. We explore the causes of this change and find that even combinations of safe models with safe documents can cause unsafe generations. In addition, we evaluate some existing red teaming methods for RA

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24. PR-Attack: Coordinated Prompt-RAG Attacks on Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Large Language Models via Bilevel Optimization

    Yang Jiao, Xiaodong Wang, Kai Yang · 2025 · Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · 32 citations

    Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a wide range of applications, e.g., medical question-answering, mathematical sciences, and code generation. However, they also exhibit inherent limitations, such as outdated knowledge and susceptibility to hallucinations. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a promising paradigm to address these issues, but it also introduces new vulnerabilities. Recent efforts have focused on the security of RAG-based LLMs, yet existing attack methods face three critical challenges: (1) their effectiveness declines sharply when only a limited number of poisoned texts can be injected into the knowledge database (2) th

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