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Papers on “spaced repetition distributed practice long-term retention”

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1. The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

   Nelson Cowan · 2001 · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · 6,913 cites

   Miller (1956) summarized evidence that people can remember about seven chunks in short-term memory (STM) tasks. However, that number was meant more as a rough estimate and a rhetorical device than as a real capacity limit. Others have since suggested that there is a more precise capacity limit, but that it is only three to five chunks. The present target article brings together a wide variety of data on capacity limits suggesting that the smaller capacity limit is real. Capacity limits will be useful in analyses of information processing only if the boundary conditions for observing them can be carefully described. Four basic conditions in which chunks can be identified and capacity limits c

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy

   Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Laurie Hughes, Elvira Ismagilova, et al. · 2019 · International Journal of Information Management · 4,399 cites

   As far back as the industrial revolution, significant development in technical innovation has succeeded in transforming numerous manual tasks and processes that had been in existence for decades where humans had reached the limits of physical capacity. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers this same transformative potential for the augmentation and potential replacement of human tasks and activities within a wide range of industrial, intellectual and social applications. The pace of change for this new AI technological age is staggering, with new breakthroughs in algorithmic machine learning and autonomous decision-making, engendering new opportunities for continued innovation. The impact of A

3. Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems

   Gul Agha · 1986 · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · 2,241 cites

   A foundational model of concurrency is developed in this thesis. It examines issues in the design of parallel systems and show why the actor model is suitable for exploiting large-scale parallelism. Concurrency in actors is constrained only by the availability of hardware resources and by the logical dependence inherent in the computation. Unlike dataflow and functional programming, however, actors are dynamically reconfigurable and can model shared resources with changing local state. Concurrency is spawned in actors using asynchronous message-passing, pipelining, and the dynamic creation of actors. The author defines an abstract actor machine and provide a minimal programming language for

4. Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.

   Nicholas J. Cepeda, Harold Pashler, Edward Vul, et al. · 2006 · Psychological Bulletin · 1,881 cites

   The authors performed a meta-analysis of the distributed practice effect to illuminate the effects of temporal variables that have been neglected in previous reviews. This review found 839 assessments of distributed practice in 317 experiments located in 184 articles. Effects of spacing (consecutive massed presentations vs. spaced learning episodes) and lag (less spaced vs. more spaced learning episodes) were examined, as were expanding interstudy interval (ISI) effects. Analyses suggest that ISI and retention interval operate jointly to affect final-test retention; specifically, the ISI producing maximal retention increased as retention interval increased. Areas needing future research and

5. What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability

   Adrian Smith, Rob Raven · 2012 · Research Policy · 1,691 cites

6. European consensus conference on faecal microbiota transplantation in clinical practice

   Giovanni Cammarota, Gianluca Ianiro, Herbert Tilg, et al. · 2017 · Gut · 1,184 cites

   Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an important therapeutic option for Clostridium difficile infection. Promising findings suggest that FMT may play a role also in the management of other disorders associated with the alteration of gut microbiota. Although the health community is assessing FMT with renewed interest and patients are becoming more aware, there are technical and logistical issues in establishing such a non-standardised treatment into the clinical practice with safety and proper governance. In view of this, an evidence-based recommendation is needed to drive the practical implementation of FMT. In this European Consensus Conference, 28 experts from 10 countries collabora

7. The Variational Quantum Eigensolver: A review of methods and best practices

   Jules Tilly, Hongxiang Chen, Shuxiang Cao, et al. · 2022 · Physics Reports · 1,054 cites

   The variational quantum eigensolver (or VQE), first developed by Peruzzo et al. (2014), has received significant attention from the research community in recent years. It uses the variational principle to compute the ground state energy of a Hamiltonian, a problem that is central to quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics. Conventional computing methods are constrained in their accuracy due to the computational limits facing exact modeling of the exponentially growing electronic wavefunction for these many-electron systems. The VQE may be used to model these complex wavefunctions in polynomial time, making it one of the most promising near-term applications for quantum computing. One

8. The influence of retrieval on retention

   L. Mark Carrier, Harold Pashler · 1992 · Memory & Cognition · 581 cites