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Research papers on Gravitational waves

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  1. GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, et al. · 2017 · Physical Review Letters · 9,687 citations

    On August 17, 2017 at 12∶41:04 UTC the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo gravitational-wave detectors made their first observation of a binary neutron star inspiral. The signal, GW170817, was detected with a combined signal-to-noise ratio of 32.4 and a false-alarm-rate estimate of less than one per 8.0×10^{4} years. We infer the component masses of the binary to be between 0.86 and 2.26 M_{⊙}, in agreement with masses of known neutron stars. Restricting the component spins to the range inferred in binary neutron stars, we find the component masses to be in the range 1.17-1.60 M_{⊙}, with the total mass of the system 2.74_{-0.01}^{+0.04}M_{⊙}. The source was localized within a sky region of 28

  2. GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, et al. · 2019 · Physical Review X · 3,617 citations

    We present the results from three gravitational-wave searches for coalescing compact binaries with component masses above <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mrow><a:mn>1</a:mn><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:mtext> </a:mtext><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi>M</a:mi></a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mo stretchy="false">⊙</a:mo></a:mrow></a:msub></a:mrow></a:math> during the first and second observing runs of the advanced gravitational-wave detector network. During the first observing run (<d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><d:mi>O</d:mi><d:mn>1</d:mn></d:math>), from September 12, 2015 to January 19, 2016, gravitational waves from three binary black hole

  3. Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, et al. · 2017 · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 3,546 citations

    Abstract On 2017 August 17, the gravitational-wave event GW170817 was observed by the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors, and the gamma-ray burst (GRB) GRB 170817A was observed independently by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, and the Anti-Coincidence Shield for the Spectrometer for the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory . The probability of the near-simultaneous temporal and spatial observation of GRB 170817A and GW170817 occurring by chance is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>5.0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml

  4. The Einstein Telescope: a third-generation gravitational wave observatory

    M. Punturo, M. R. Abernathy, F. Acernese, et al. · 2010 · Classical and Quantum Gravity · 2,391 citations

    Advanced gravitational wave interferometers, currently under realization, will soon permit the detection of gravitational waves from astronomical sources. To open the era of precision gravitational wave astronomy, a further substantial improvement in sensitivity is required. The future space-based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and the third-generation ground-based observatory Einstein Telescope (ET) promise to achieve the required sensitivity improvements in frequency ranges. The vastly improved sensitivity of the third generation of gravitational wave observatories could permit detailed measurements of the sources' physical parameters and could complement, in a multi-messenger approach

  5. Advanced LIGO: the next generation of gravitational wave detectors

    Gregory M Harry · 2010 · Classical and Quantum Gravity · 1,328 citations

    The Advanced LIGO gravitational wave detectors are next generation instruments which will replace the existing initial LIGO detectors. They are currently being constructed and installed. Advanced LIGO strain sensitivity is designed to be about a factor 10 better than initial LIGO over a broad band and usable to 10 Hz, in contrast to 40 Hz for initial LIGO. This is expected to allow for detections and significant astrophysics in most categories of gravitational waves. To achieve this sensitivity, all hardware subsystems are being replaced with improvements. Designs and expected performance are presented for the seismic isolation, suspensions, optics and laser subsystems. Possible enhancements

  6. LIGO: the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, R. X. Adhikari, et al. · 2009 · Reports on Progress in Physics · 1,214 citations

    The goal of the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is to detect and study gravitational waves (GWs) of astrophysical origin. Direct detection of GWs holds the promise of testing general relativity in the strong-field regime, of providing a new probe of exotic objects such as black holes and neutron stars and of uncovering unanticipated new astrophysics. LIGO, a joint Caltech-MIT project supported by the National Science Foundation, operates three multi-kilometer interferometers at two widely separated sites in the United States. These detectors are the result of decades of worldwide technology development, design, construction and commissioning. They are now operatin

  7. Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, et al. · 2018 · Living Reviews in Relativity · 1,170 citations

    We present possible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron star systems, which are the most promising targets for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to

  8. Population Properties of Compact Objects from the Second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog

    R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham, et al. · 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 923 citations

    Abstract We report on the population of 47 compact binary mergers detected with a false-alarm rate of &lt; <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mspace width="0.25em"/> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>yr</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:math> in the second LIGO–Virgo Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog. We observe several characteristics of the merging binary black hole (BBH) population not discernible until now. First, the primary mass spectrum contains structure beyond a power law with a sharp high-mass cutoff; it is more consistent with a broken power law with a

  9. INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational-wave Event GW170817

    V. Savchenko, C. Ferrigno, E. Kuulkers, et al. · 2017 · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · 910 citations

    Abstract We report the INTernational Gamma-ray Astrophysics Laboratory ( INTEGRAL ) detection of the short gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A (discovered by Fermi -GBM) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 4.6, and, for the first time, its association with the gravitational waves (GWs) from binary neutron star (BNS) merging event GW170817 detected by the LIGO and Virgo observatories. The significance of association between the gamma-ray burst observed by INTEGRAL and GW170817 is 3.2σ, while the association between the Fermi -GBM and INTEGRAL detections is 4.2σ. GRB 170817A was detected by the SPI-ACS instrument about 2 s after the end of the GW event. We measure a fluence of (1.4 ± 0.4 ± 0.6) × 10 −7 er

  10. Physics, Astrophysics and Cosmology with Gravitational Waves

    B. S. Sathyaprakash, Bernard F. Schutz · 2009 · Living Reviews in Relativity · 881 citations

    Gravitational wave detectors are already operating at interesting sensitivity levels, and they have an upgrade path that should result in secure detections by 2014. We review the physics of gravitational waves, how they interact with detectors (bars and interferometers), and how these detectors operate. We study the most likely sources of gravitational waves and review the data analysis methods that are used to extract their signals from detector noise. Then we consider the consequences of gravitational wave detections and observations for physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.

  11. Deep Learning for Real-time Gravitational Wave Detection and Parameter Estimation with Advanced LIGO Data

    D. George, E. A. Huerta · 2017 · ArXiv · 379 citations

    Abstract The recent Nobel-prize-winning detections of gravitational waves from merging black holes and the subsequent detection of the collision of two neutron stars in coincidence with electromagnetic observations have inaugurated a new era of multimessenger astrophysics. To enhance the scope of this emergent field of science, we pioneered the use of deep learning with convolutional neural networks, that take time-series inputs, for rapid detection and characterization of gravitational wave signals. This approach, Deep Filtering , was initially demonstrated using simulated LIGO noise. In this article, we present the extension of Deep Filtering using real data from LIGO, for both detection a

  14. Faster implementation of the hierarchical search algorithm for detection of gravitational waves from inspiraling compact binaries

    A. Sengupta, S. Dhurandhar, Albert Lazzarini Inter-University Centre for Astronomy, et al. · 2003 · Physical Review D · 8 citations

    The first scientific runs of kilometer scale laser interferometric detectors such as LIGO are under way. Data from these detectors will be used to look for signatures of gravitational waves from astrophysical objects such as inspiraling neutron-star-black-hole binaries using matched filtering. The computational resources required for online flat-search implementation of the matched filtering are large if searches are carried out for a small total mass. A flat search is implemented by constructing a single discrete grid of densely populated template waveforms spanning the dynamical parameters— masses, spins — which are correlated with the interferometer data. The correlations over the kinemat

  15. Lensing, Not Luck! Detection Prospects of Strongly Lensed Gravitational Waves

    A. Barsode, Koustav N. Maity, P. Ajith · 2025 · The Astrophysical Journal · 3 citations

    A small fraction of gravitational-wave (GW) signals detected by ground-based observatories will be strongly lensed by intervening galaxies or clusters. This may produce multiple copies of the signals (i.e., lensed images) arriving at different times at the detector. These, if observed, could offer new probes of astrophysics and cosmology. However, identification of lensed image pairs among a large number of unrelated GW events is challenging. Though the number of lensed events increases with improved detector sensitivity, the false alarms increase quadratically faster. While this “lensing or luck” problem would appear to be insurmountable, we show that the expected increase in measurement pr

  16. $f(R)$ Gravity: Gravitational Waves Tests

    R. H. Dejrah · 2025 · 2 citations

    This review explores modified theories of gravity, particularly $f(R)$ gravity, as extensions to General Relativity (GR) that offer alternatives to dark energy for explaining cosmic acceleration. These models generalize the Einstein-Hilbert action to include functions of the Ricci scalar, providing new insights into cosmology and astrophysics. The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) has enabled rigorous tests of $f(R)$ gravity, as deviations in GW propagation, speed, and polarization can signal modifications to GR. Constraints on $f(R)$ models arise from LIGO-Virgo observations of binary mergers, the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB), and complementary tests in cosmology and

  17. Long Journey toward the Detection of Gravitational Waves and New Era of Gravitational Wave Astrophysics

    Hyung-Mok Lee · 2018 · Journal of the Korean Physical Society · 2 citations

    The gravitational waves were detected directly for the first time on September 14, 2015 by two LIGO detectors at Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington, USA. Careful analysis revealed that this signal was produced by the last moment of inspiral and merger of two black holes that have been orbiting each other. Since the first detection, several other gravitational wave sources, including one neutron star merger event in August 2017 have been observed by the LIGO together with Virgo. This article provides a very brief overview of the history toward the understanding the nature of gravitational waves, detectors, types of sources and achievements of the gravitational wave detectors. We th

  18. The Role of Gravitational Waves in Understanding the Cosmic Evolution and The Underlying Physics of The Universe

    A. Kataki · 2024 · Acceleron Aerospace Journal · 2 citations

    The field of gravitational wave research has rapidly evolved since the first successful detection in 2015, marking the beginning of a new era in astrophysics. This paper reviews the current state of gravitational wave detection and explores the future directions that promise to advance our understanding of the universe. We discuss the advancements and limitations of current ground- based observatories, such as LIGO and Virgo, as well as the pivotal role of upcoming third- generation detectors like the Einstein Telescope and space-based missions like LISA. Key areas of development are identified, including improvements in, cryogenic technologies, extended frequency coverage, and integration w

  21. Robustness of Sensitivity Evaluations for Gravitational Wave Detection Algorithms

    A. E. Koloniari, Lazaros Lazaridis, C. Paschalidis, et al. · 2025 · 1 citations

    The discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) from merging compact binaries has transformed modern astrophysics, driving innovation in detection methodologies. Whereas matched-filtering techniques have long been the standard, the growing volume of data from advanced observatories like LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA has spurred interest in machine learning (ML) solutions for their scalability and computational efficiency. As next-generation detectors approach reality, the development of reliable and adaptable search algorithms becomes increasingly urgent. This work examines the consistency of detection sensitivity in AresGW model 1, an ML-based pipeline, when applied to multiple month-long datasets cons

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