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Research papers on The microbiome and immunity

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  2. Conditioning of the immune system by the microbiome.

    D. Graham, R. Xavier · 2023 · Trends in immunology · 86 citations

    The human intestinal microbiome has coevolved with its host to establish a stable homeostatic relationship with hallmark features of mutualistic symbioses, yet the mechanistic underpinnings of host-microbiome interactions are incompletely understood. Thus, it is an opportune time to conceive a common framework for microbiome-mediated regulation of immune function. We propose the term conditioned immunity to describe the multifaceted mechanisms by which the microbiome modulates immunity. In this regard, microbial colonization is a conditioning exposure that has durable effects on immune function through the action of secondary metabolites, foreign molecular patterns, and antigens. Here, we di

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  4. Role of the microbiome in regulation of the immune system

    Songhui Kim, Cebile Ndwandwe, Hannah Devotta, et al. · 2025 · Allergology International · 48 citations

    Immune health and metabolic functions are intimately connected via diet and the microbiota. Immune cells are continuously exposed to a wide range of microbes and microbial-derived compounds, with important mucosal and systemic ramifications. Microbial fermentation of dietary components in vivo generates thousands of molecules, some of which are integral components of the molecular circuitry that regulates immune and metabolic functions. These in turn protect against aberrant inflammatory or hyper-reactive processes and promote effector immune responses that quickly eliminate pathogens, such as SARS-CoV-2. Potent tolerance mechanisms should ensure that these immune cells do not over-react to

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  5. Vitamin D Deficiency in the Gulf Cooperation Council: Exploring the Triad of Genetic Predisposition, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System

    Parul Singh, M. Kumar, S. Al Khodor · 2019 · Frontiers in Immunology · 44 citations

    Vitamin D is a fat soluble secosteroid that is primarily synthesized in the skin upon exposure to Ultraviolet B (UVB) sun rays. Vitamin D is essential for the growth and development of bones and helps in reducing inflammation by strengthening muscles and the immune system. Despite the endless supply of sunlight in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which includes United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Oman, Vitamin D deficiency in the (GCC) general population at various age groups remains alarmingly high. In parallel runs the increasing prevalence of acute and chronic illnesses including, autoimmune diseases, cancer, type 1 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular

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  6. The gut microbiome and the immune system

    Tenzin Choden, Nathaniel Aviv Cohen · 2022 · Exploration of Medicine · 33 citations

    The human body contains trillions of microbes which generally live in symbiosis with the host. The interaction of the gut microbiome with elements of the host immune system has far-reaching effects in the development of normal gut and systemic immune responses. Disturbances to this intricate relationship may be responsible for a multitude of gastrointestinal and systemic immune mediated diseases. This review describes the development of the gut microbiome and its interaction with host immune cells in both health and disease states.

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  7. CRISPR‐Cas systems in oral microbiome: From immune defense to physiological regulation

    Tao Gong, Jumei Zeng, Boyu Tang, et al. · 2020 · Molecular Oral Microbiology · 30 citations

    The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) system, found in bacteria and archaea, provides sequence-based adaptive immunity against mobile genetic elements, including phages and plasmids. The oral cavity contains approximately 700 prokaryote species harboring known CRISPR-Cas systems, including type I, type II, type III, type V, and type VI, and unidentified CRISPR-Cas systems. There is increasing evidence to suggest that different CRISPR-Cas systems in the human oral microbiome can affect bacterial physiology through different mechanisms. Here, we review the canonical and novel functions of the CRISPR-Cas system, including defe

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  8. The microbiome and the immune system in critical illness

    Ashley A Miniet, Jocelyn R. Grunwell, C. Coopersmith · 2021 · Current opinion in critical care · 29 citations

    Purpose of review: While the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health, it is hypothesized to drive morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review describes the relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system in critical illness. Recent findings: The gut microbiome is converted to a pathobiome in the intensive care unit, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and pathogen predominance. These changes are induced by a pathologic microenvironment and are further exacerbated by common medical treatments initiated in the intensive care unit. The conversion of the microbiome to a pathobiome has direct consequences on the regulation of i

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  10. The Ecological–Evolutionary Game of the Insect Gut Microbiome: Environmental Drivers, Host Regulation, and Prospects for Cross-Cutting Applications

    Ying Wang, Jie Tang, Yao Chen, et al. · 2025 · Veterinary Sciences · 19 citations

    Simple Summary The diversity, function, and complex interactions of insect gut microbiota with their hosts and environments. The composition of insect gut microbiota is influenced by a combination of host genetics, diet, and environmental factors, and is finely regulated by the host immune system. These microorganisms play a critical role in nutrient metabolism, detoxification, immune regulation, and host development and behavior. Recent studies have shown that insect gut microbiota not only hold significant importance in basic theoretical research but also demonstrate broad application potential in fields such as agriculture, environmental protection, industrial biotechnology, and healthcar

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  11. The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the Human Immune System and Microbiome

    Chuxi Wang, Xin Zhou, Meng Wang, et al. · 2020 · Infectious Microbes & Diseases · 18 citations

    Abstract A recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the single-stranded enveloped RNA virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has developed into a global pandemic, after it was first reported in Wuhan in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging virus, and little is known about the basic characteristics of this pathogen, the underlying mechanism of infection, and the potential treatments. The immune system has been known to be actively involved in viral infections. To facilitate the development of COVID-19 treatments, the understanding of immune regulation by this viral infection is urgently needed. This review describes the mechanisms of imm

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  12. Regulation of innate immune system function by the microbiome: Consequences for tumor immunity and cancer immunotherapy.

    I. Mattiola, A. Diefenbach · 2023 · Seminars in immunology · 15 citations

    Innate effector cells are immune cells endowed with host protective features and cytotoxic functions. By sensing the tissue environment, innate cells have an important role in regulating the transition from homeostasis to inflammation and the establishment of pathological states, including the onset and development of cancer. The tumor microenvironment induces molecular and functional modifications in innate cells, dampening their capability to initiate and sustain anti-tumor immune responses. Emerging studies clearly showed a contribution of the microbiota in modulating the functions of innate cells in cancer. Commensal microorganisms can not only directly interact with innate cells in the

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  13. Harmony Within: Unravelling the Microbiome–Immune System Symbiosis for Health

    Anuupama Suchiita, Navya Gupta, Kajal Nandi, et al. · 2025 · Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research · 13 citations

    The microbiome, a diverse ecosystem of microorganisms within the human body, interacts intricately with the immune system to maintain health and prevent disease. This dynamic partnership influences immune system development, inflammation regulation, metabolic health, and neurological well‐being, while disruptions, termed dysbiosis, have been linked to autoimmune disorders, chronic diseases, and mental health issues. This review highlights the microbiome’s role in educating the immune system, modulating responses, and supporting physical barriers, while addressing key research advances, such as microbial metabolites in immune regulation and the microbiome’s impact on cancer immunotherapy. Eme

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  15. The honeybee gut microbiome: a novel multidimensional model of antimicrobial resistance transmission and immune homeostasis from environmental interactions to health regulation

    Qianmin Hai, Dufu Li, Ting-Yu Huang, et al. · 2026 · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · 9 citations

    Abstract The honeybee gut microbiome has emerged as a model system in microbial ecology, valued for its structural stability and host specificity, and has garnered significant attention for elucidating universal principles of host–microbe interactions. This review advocates for the honeybee as a multidisciplinary model organism, highlighting the unique role of its gut microbiota in maintaining colony immune homeostasis, driving host co-evolution, unraveling the transmission mechanisms of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and enhancing host adaptability to environmental stressors. By integrating multidimensional factors, including environmental gradients and apicultural practices, we constr

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  16. Bidirectional regulation of the gut microbiome-immune axis in the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer and targeted interventions

    Xinxin Liu, Bing Yang, Dong-Xin Tang · 2025 · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · 8 citations

    The initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) are profoundly influenced by the complex interplay between the gut microbiota and the immune system, underscoring the clinical importance of exploring the bidirectional regulatory mechanisms of the microbiota-immune axis within the CRC immune microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that the composition and functional capacity of the gut microbiota play a vital role in modulating the host’s immune responses, while the immune system, in turn, can reciprocally regulate the structure and function of the microbiota. Despite significant insights into the role of the microbiota-immune axis in CRC progression, several critical questions

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  17. Guardians within: Cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host immune system

    Nabanita Ghosh, Krishnendu Sinha · 2025 · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology · 6 citations

    The gut microbiome, a complex ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in immune system regulation and overall health. This review explores the intricate cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system, emphasizing how microbial communities shape immune cell differentiation, modulate inflammatory responses, and contribute to immune homeostasis. Key interactions between innate and adaptive immune cells – including macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, innate Lymphoid cells, T cells, and B cells – and gut microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids are discussed. The role of commensal bacteria in neonatal immune system dev

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  18. Regulation of the innate immune response and gut microbiome by p53

    A. Khor, Tomoyuki Koguchi, Hao Liu, et al. · 2023 · Cancer Science · 6 citations

    p53 is a key tumor suppressor mutated in half of human cancers. In recent years, p53 was shown to regulate a wide variety of functions. From the transcriptome analysis of 24 tissues of irradiated mice, we identified 553 genes markedly induced by p53. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis found that the most associated biological process was innate immunity. 16S rRNA‐seq analysis revealed that Akkermansia, which has anti‐inflammatory properties and is involved in the regulation of intestinal barrier integrity, was decreased in p53‐knockout (p53−/−) mice after radiation. p53−/− mice were susceptible to radiation‐induced GI toxicity and had a significantly shorter survival time than p53‐wild‐t

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  19. Role of Gut Microbiota in Immune System Regulation

    Talia Attiq, Amina Farrukh Alavi, Shahzaib Khan, et al. · 2024 · Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences · 5 citations

    The human gut is a densely populated organ system that bears hundreds of microbial species, including bacteria, viruses, and various protozoans. The gut microbiome expresses enormous functional diversity based on microbial community collection. However, this has remained unexplored for a long time, but in the recent past various researches have revealed its immense significance in host metabolism and immunity. Gut microbiota metabolize undigested substances and release various metabolites in response to microbial metabolism that have a significant effect on the immune system. The balance and stability of the immune system within the body are achieved and maintained through the complex intera

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  20. The microbiome and lung cancer: microbial effects on host immune responses and treatment outcomes

    Alexis Bailey, K. Leuther, Lary A. Robinson · 2025 · Frontiers in Microbiomes · 3 citations

    The human microbiome plays a critical role in shaping physiological processes, immune system function, metabolism, and disease development. Recent research has highlighted the microbiome’s profound cancer impact, particularly on lung cancer. This review explores how microbial communities in lung and gut influence tumor progression, immune responses, and treatment outcomes as well as describing the interactions between the microbiome and the host immune system in modulating the efficacy of cancer therapies. Emerging evidence from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the role of the lung and gut microbiome in lung cancer focus on alterations in the microbiota that influence the tumor

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  21. Research progress on the role of microbiome-immune-neurotransmitter network in post-stroke sleep disorders

    Wanting Shi, Li Wu, Qiong Qin, et al. · 2025 · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · 2 citations

    Post-stroke sleep disorders, as a significant complication affecting patient rehabilitation, are closely associated with dysregulation of the microbiome-immune-neurotransmitter network. Following stroke, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system triggers intestinal barrier disruption (reduced tight junction proteins and intestinal permeability) along with microbial imbalance (decreased Bifidobacterium and increased Enterobacteriaceae). Reduced short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation exacerbate systemic inflammatory responses and neurotransmitter imbalances (inhibited serotonin synthesis and excitotoxic glutamate production

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  22. Microbiome and Metabolic Immune Mechanisms in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy.

    Nan Zhai · 2025 · Journal of intensive care medicine · 2 citations

    Sepsis associated encephalopathy (SAE) is common in patients with sepsis, and the occurrence of SAE often indicated adverse outcomes. In recent years, the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota and metabolites have been found to be related to the occurrence of SAE, and this regulation is often accompanied by the activation of the immune system. Possible mechanism still needs to be clarified. Intestinal flora disturbances and altered metabolic profiles are often accompanied by changes in the levels of small molecule metabolites, some of which are critical for the maintenance of brain functional homeostasis, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These changes further affect the permeability

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  23. The Gut Microbiome: A Key Player in Immune System Regulation and Disease Prevention

    Xiaoming Liu, Mei‐Ling Chen, Wei Zhou · 2024 · Medicine insights. · 1 citations

    The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical component in regulating the immune system and maintaining overall health. This review examines the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and the immune system, highlighting the mechanisms through which gut microbes influence immune responses and disease prevention. Additionally, the review explores the impact of diet, antibiotics, and probiotics on the gut microbiome and its subsequent effects on immune health. Understanding these interactions provides insights into potential therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating immune-related diseases.

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  24. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Immune System Regulation: A Narrative Review

    Turdubaev Kursanbek Tashbolotovich, Hazim abdul rahman Alhiti, Z. Khaled, et al. · 2025 · Trends in Immunotherapy · 1 citations

    The microbiota plays an essential role in the regulation of the natural immune system, influencing both innate and adaptive immunological responses. This review extracted information from available observational studies that explore the intricate cooperation between gut microbiota and immune system regulation across various health conditions, including Crohn’s disease, respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. Key findings highlight how dysbiosis, a rotation in the microbiome composition or microbial imbalance, contributes to disease pathogenesis and immune dysregulation, while specific microbial taxa and their metabolites can serve as

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