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How to Report SD3 (Short Dark Triad) Results in Your Methods Section

The Short Dark Triad gives you three subscale scores, not one. Here's how to report reliability and write the results correctly.

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Folio Team

July 23, 2026 2 min read

The Short Dark Triad (SD3) is a 27-item measure of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy โ€” nine items per trait, rated on a 5-point scale from disagree strongly to agree strongly, with five items reverse-scored. The most common write-up mistake is treating it like it produces a single "dark triad score." It doesn't. Report three subscale scores.

The reliability line

Cronbach's alpha for the three SD3 subscales runs ฮฑ = .72โ€“.77 in the original validation (Jones & Paulhus, 2014) โ€” lower than a 44-item personality inventory, but expected for nine-item subscales measuring a narrow trait. Report each subscale's alpha, not one pooled number.

One thing worth a sentence in your write-up: the three subscales correlate with each other (roughly r = .30โ€“.50 in the validation sample). They're related but distinct constructs, not one factor split three ways โ€” say that if you're justifying analyzing them separately.

A sample paragraph

Dark personality traits were assessed using the Short Dark Triad (SD3; Jones & Paulhus, 2014), a 27-item measure of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy (nine items per subscale, five reverse-scored), rated on a 5-point scale from disagree strongly to agree strongly. Subscale scores were computed as the mean of their constituent items. Internal consistency in the original validation ranged from ฮฑ = .72 to .77 across the three subscales.

Swap in your own sample's alphas once calculated, and note if any subscale fell notably below the original range โ€” that's worth flagging, not hiding.

Reference: Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28โ€“41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105

Folio's SD3 scale page has the full item list, scoring key, and citation formatted in your style โ€” useful for double-checking your own coding before you report it.

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